CSS (m/s)
–
m·s⁻¹
Pace /100m
–
/100m
Pace /50m
–
/50m
Pace /25m
–
/25m
CSS −3.5%
–
/100m
vVO₂max
–
/100m
D' (m)
–
anaerob
Eingegebene Trials
| # | Distanz (m) | Zeit (mm:ss) | v (m/s) | Pace /100m | % CSS |
|---|
Linear Distance Model
s = CSS · t + D' (Wakayoshi 1992/93, OLS)
Velocity-Duration Curve
v(t) = D' · t⁻¹ + CSS (Hyperbel-Modell)
Trainingszonen
Pace-Zonen (Wakayoshi/CSS) · HF nach Karvonen 1957 · 50 m Pace = 25 m × 1.02
Zone
% CSS
HF (bpm)
Pace 25 m Pool
Pace 50 m Pool
Borg 0–10
Berechnungsdetail — OLS-Regression
Formelübersicht
s = CSS · t + D' // Lineares Distanzmodell (Wakayoshi 1992/93)
v(t) = D' / t + CSS // Hyperbel-Form (Geschwindigkeit über Zeit)
CSS = Σ((tᵢ−t̄)(sᵢ−s̄)) / Σ((tᵢ−t̄)²) // OLS-Steigung
D' = s̄ − CSS · t̄ // y-Achsenabschnitt = anaerobe Distanzreserve [m]
R² = 1 − SSᵣₑₛ / SSₜₒₜ // Bestimmtheitsmaß der Regression
vVO₂max ≈ CSS · 1.18 // Feldtestschätzung (~85% CSS = MLSS; Wakayoshi 1993)
HRR = HFmax − HFRuhe // Heart Rate Reserve
HFZone = HRR · %Intensität + HFRuhe // Karvonen 1957
Pace50m = Pace25m · 1.02 // Korrektur für Langbahn (weniger Wenden)
Wissenschaftliche Quellen
- Wakayoshi K, Ikuta K, Yoshida T, Udo M, Moritani T, Mutoh Y, Miyashita M (1992). Determination and validity of critical velocity as an index of swimming performance in the competitive swimmer. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 64:153–157.
- Wakayoshi K, Yoshida T, Udo M, Harada T, Moritani T, Mutoh Y, Miyashita M (1993). Does critical swimming velocity represent exercise intensity at maximal lactate steady state? Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 66:90–95.
- Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O (1957). The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn 35(3):307–315.
- Dekerle J, Sidney M, Hespel JM, Pelayo P (2002). Validity and reliability of critical speed, critical stroke rate, and anaerobic capacity in relation to front crawl swimming performances. Int J Sports Med 23(2):93–98.
- Jones AM, Vanhatalo A, Burnley M, Morton RH, Poole DC (2010). Critical power: implications for determination of V̇O₂max and exercise tolerance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42(10):1876–1890.
- Jones AM, Vanhatalo A (2017). The 'critical power' concept: applications to sports performance with a focus on intermittent high-intensity exercise. Sports Med 47(Suppl 1):65–78.
- Nikitakis IS, Toubekis AG (2021). Critical velocity: relationship with lactate threshold and applicability for designing swimming training sessions. J Phys Educ Sport 21(Suppl 2):1290–1297.